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Abutilon incanum

(Link) Sweet (1826)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malvales Family: Malvaceae Genus: Abutilon

hoary abutilon, Ma'o [Mao]

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Subshrubs or shrubs 0.5–1(–2) m tall, densely but closely white or silvery stellulate pubescent.

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades cordate–ovate, 1–6(–10) cm long. Apex acute to acuminate. Surfaces concolorous, densely tomentulose, obscured by pubescence. Margins serrate to crenate. Petioles usually ½ or more the length of blades. Stipules usually present.

Flowers: Flowers solitary or, by reduction of leaves, in terminal racemes; pedicels filiform, 1–3.5 cm long, articulate apically, involucel absent. Flowers bisexual (perfect). Calyx campanulate to cup-shaped, 0.2–0.4 cm long, 5-lobed, splitting and reflexed in fruit, the lobes valvate in bud. Corolla actinomorphic to moderately zygomorphic, rotate to reflexed; corolla of 5 petals, obovate white to yellow or pink with maroon veins and a basal spot, 0.4–4.6 cm long, distinct from each other but adnate at base to staminal column, convolute in bud. Stamens 5 to numerous, monadelphous, forming a staminal column, staminal column usually shorter than petals; filaments terminal; anthers monothecal. Pollen globose, echinate. Ovary superior, (1-)3-celled to many-celled, carpels 5 to numerous, borne in a single whorl or rarely seemingly superposed whorls; ovule placentation axile, each with 2-9 ovules in a vertical row; style exceeding the staminal column, branches as many as carpels; stigmas terminal, capitate.

Fruit: Schizocarps pale brown; cylindrical-truncate; 6-8 mm long; grayish to yellowish pubescent; mericarps 5; narrowly oblong; angled dorso-ventrally; often tardily separating and appearing capsular; mericarps usually oblong in lateral view; apex blunt; ± awned; lateral walls usually smooth; loculicidal dehiscence complete or partial. Seeds 3 per mericarp; globose–reniform; ca. 1.5 mm long; densely puberulent; with or without endosperm.

Ploidy: 2n = 14*.

Habitat: Occurring primarily in leeward; dry habitats.

Elevation Range: 0–220 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Indigenous

Island Status

Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Indigenous
Kaua'i Indigenous
O'ahu Indigenous
Molokai Indigenous
Lana'i Indigenous
Kaho'olawe Indigenous
Maui Indigenous
Hawai'i Indigenous

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Notes

  • Description digitized by Ellena Ruiz
  • Description digitized from the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii

Bibliography

Name Published In: Hort. Brit.: 53 (1826)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:872 (Ni, K, O, Mo, L, M, Ka); Faccenda, Arthur, et al. 2025:192 (H); St. John 1978 (status change from ind? to ind, collected by Menzies in 1793)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Abutilon incanum Papawai Point, Ukumehame Open gravelly slope. Preserved_Specimen 0.4 m. shrub; buds pink. St.John, H. 25597 Maui BISH 1955-12-18
2 Abutilon incanum Kaumalapau Arid coast amid lava rock with Heteropogon and Sida. Preserved_Specimen Color green; not gray as on Oahu. Degener, O. 28647 Lanai BISH 1963-07-22
3 Abutilon incanum Makaha 0.5 m. shrubs below water tank near talus from north wall. Preserved_Specimen Montgomery, S.L. Oahu BISH 1987-02-01
4 Abutilon incanum Maui Zoological & Botanical Gardens From above the tunnel on the road to Lahaina. Preserved_Specimen Flowers very light pink, darker pink on edges of petals, and dark eye with veins. Davis, J. 45 Maui BISH 1978-07-03
5 Abutilon incanum Waimea Distr., Waipao Valley, along Kekaha road at base of Pokii Ridge Heavily grazed shrubland dominated by Bothriochloa and Leucaena. Preserved_Specimen Compact shrub of 2 ft. Leaves grey-green. Petals white with maroon base. Locally common. Flynn, T.W. 1903 Kauai BISH 1986-09-23
6 Abutilon incanum Waimea Distr., Kekaha Road (Hwy 55) along Pokii Ridge through Waipao Valley Heavily grazed shrubland dominated by Bothriochloa pertusa and Lantana camara. Preserved_Specimen Subshrub of 2 ft. on rock outcrops above road. Leaves bluish green. Not uncommon. Flynn, T.W. 1991 Kauai BISH 1986-12-04
7 Abutilon incanum Poopoo, offshore and W of Huawai Bay basaltic boulders and soil; grassland; Sida fallax, Tribulus cistoides, Waltheria indica, Cenchrus ciliaris, Boerhavia repens Preserved_Specimen 50 cm shrub; leaves light green, tinged blue; corolla yellow white Wood, K.R. 11811 Lanai BISH 2006-04-06
8 Abutilon incanum Mahana Ahupuaa, East of Keomuku Road. Transect La, Station 29. Dry exotic grassland with mixed native and exotic shrubs. Preserved_Specimen Single erect stems, 30 cm tall; Flower 1 cm across white with violet center & nerves; bottom thrid of petal light violet; anthers yellow. Warshauer, F.R. 2216 Lanai BISH 1979-04-04
9 Abutilon incanum Makapuu Head (east point of Oahu) Abundant on dry west slope. Preserved_Specimen Low, branched bush 0.5 m. tall; flowers dull pale pink with maroon centers. Fosberg, F.R. 29680 Oahu BISH 1948-03-14
10 Abutilon incanum Kaluakoi Distr., below quarry on east side of Hakina Gulch Abundant in southwestern part of this island. Preserved_Specimen Shrub to 2 ft. tall with gray foliage, pale pink flowers. Herbst, D.R. 5724 Molokai BISH 1976-03-09
11 Abutilon incanum Ahupuiki West On sides of dry gulch. Preserved_Specimen Low shrub; flower white with pink-red center. Tao, D. Kahoolawe BISH 1980-02-18
12 Abutilon incanum Waimea Distr., along Waimea Canyon Drive just north of Waimea, at lookout below Panini Heights Dry secondary shrubland with Leucaena dominant. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 1 m. tall, leaves grayish green, corolla pink in bud. Occasional along roadside. Lorence, D.H. 5740 Kauai BISH 1988-01-27
13 Abutilon incanum Molokini Islet One plant on inner slope below the lighthouse. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 6040512 Maui BISH 2006-04-05
14 Abutilon incanum Bluff above Kaena Point Bare rocky ridge. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 13156 Oahu BISH 1936-05-31
15 Abutilon incanum Head of Mauuwaii Valley, Maunalua Dry brushy flat place. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 0.5-1 m. tall; flowers pink. Fosberg, F.R. 13621 Oahu BISH 1937-03-07
16 Abutilon incanum Second ridge east of Kuliouou Valley Arid plain. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 6054 Oahu BISH 1931-10-25
17 Abutilon incanum Makaha Beach, base of small ridge mauka of HawTel relay station Preserved_Specimen 4 ft. shrub among boulders. Takeuchi, W.N. 3524 Oahu BISH 1987-04-26
18 Abutilon incanum Second ridge east of Kuliouou Valley Arid plain. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 6054 Oahu BISH 1931-10-25
19 Abutilon incanum 10th Ave., Kaimuki, Honolulu Dry rocky red clay soil. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 6053 Oahu BISH 1926-11-01
20 Abutilon incanum W Maui, Lahaina District, in gulch opposite Manuohule Preserved_Specimen Corolla pink with light red center. Wagner, W.L. 5791 Maui BISH 1988-03-03
21 Abutilon incanum Kahalepalaoa Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 142 Lanai BISH 1914-03-31
22 Abutilon incanum Kamoku, along old highway above Kaumalapau Harobor Preserved_Specimen Shrub 2 ft. tall with silvery foliage and pale pink flowers. Herbst, D.R. 5767 Lanai BISH 1976-03-29
23 Abutilon incanum Kaali Cliffs, across from Puu Uala Preserved_Specimen 2 ft. tall; flower to 7 mm. wide, palest pink, becoming dark rose, then lavender at center, anthers yellow. Christensen, C. 159 Niihau BISH 1977-03-12
24 Abutilon incanum Lualualei (near beach) Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1935 Oahu BISH 1914-07-01
25 Abutilon incanum Kaali Cliffs, across from Puu Uala Preserved_Specimen 2 ft. tall; flower to 7 mm. wide, palest pink, becoming dark rose, then lavender at center, anthers yellow. Christensen, C. 159 Niihau BISH 1977-02-12
26 Abutilon incanum West Molokai, near Kolo On arid rocky plain. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 60556076 Molokai BISH 1928-04-05
27 Abutilon incanum Kalaeahole Seems better adapted to heat and drought of this sun-scorched, arid, rocky, clay slope than the endemic Sida. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 24236 Lanai BISH 1957-08-11
28 Abutilon incanum Kamoku, along old highway above Kaumalapau Harobor Preserved_Specimen Shrub 2 ft. tall with silvery foliage and pale pink flowers. Herbst, D.R. 5767 Lanai BISH 1976-03-29
29 Abutilon incanum Papawai Point, Ukumehame Preserved_Specimen Woolford, H.A. 69 Maui BISH 1955-12-18
30 Abutilon incanum In open area near water tank near Kapaula, Polihale Preserved_Specimen Blue-grey plant to 50 cm. Stems pale green becoming grey. Leaf: petiole pale green, blades bluish green to almost grey. Flowers: 5 x 5 mm.; petals pale pink to reddish at base; calyx pale grey-green. Fruit greyish green above becoming yellow-green at base. Hume, L. 284 Kauai BISH 1988-01-17
31 Abutilon incanum Diamond Head, S side Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 57 Oahu BISH 1950-04-19
32 Abutilon incanum Waianae, along railroad track Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12826 Oahu BISH 1917-01-01
33 Abutilon incanum Manele Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 47 Lanai BISH 1927-05-29
34 Abutilon incanum Hanauma Bay Preserved_Specimen Topping, D.L. 3296 Oahu BISH 1926-12-25
35 Abutilon incanum Diamond Head Beach Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1072 Oahu BISH 1909-01-26
36 Abutilon incanum Oahu Preserved_Specimen Didrichsen, D.F. 3495 Oahu BISH 1845-01-01
37 Abutilon incanum unknown Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. BISH
38 Abutilon incanum near Diamond Head Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1442 Oahu BISH 1910-02-09
39 Abutilon incanum Paomai Coast Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 91 Lanai BISH 1913-09-14
40 Abutilon incanum Honolulu, Diamond Head, Na Laau Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 26 Oahu BISH 1957-05-04
41 Abutilon incanum Slopes of Koko Head Crater Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. Oahu BISH 1924-11-16
42 Abutilon incanum Waiolani Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1909-04-27
43 Abutilon incanum McGrew Point, Rainbow Bay State Park Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Oahu BISH 1981-01-22
44 Abutilon incanum Kahoolawe Preserved_Specimen Wilder, G.P. Kahoolawe BISH 1913-01-01
45 Abutilon incanum Waimea, Kawaihae Rd corridor, Segment 1 Preserved_Specimen McEldowney, P.H. Hawaii BISH 1980-12-31
46 Abutilon incanum Foot of plateau, SE corner Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Niihau BISH 1912-01-01
47 Abutilon incanum Vicinity of Diamond Head Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1909-01-26
48 Abutilon incanum Kaawaloa Preserved_Specimen Souza, W. Hawaii BISH 1984-10-04
49 Abutilon incanum Awalua Preserved_Specimen Kondo, Y. Lanai BISH 1961-03-22
50 Abutilon incanum unknown Preserved_Specimen Brigham, W.T. 347 BISH 1864-01-01
51 Abutilon incanum Makua Roadside. Preserved_Specimen Kerr, M. 20 Oahu BISH 1945-12-25
52 Abutilon incanum Kaunakakai Covers a good deal of very dry land on southwestern side with a low growth; favors a lower elevation than ilima. Preserved_Specimen Perennial shrub. Munro, G.C. 33 Molokai BISH 1903-01-01
53 Abutilon incanum Waimea, along Kokee road just above Kekaha. Puu Opae Hawaiian Homes Safety Zone, across from enterance to Hunting Unit A. Secondary vegetation dominated by introduced grasses and Leucaena leucecophala with remnant Waltheria and Abutilon. Preserved_Specimen Population of ca 8 individuals, semi-woody shrubs to 3 ft tall, leaves blue-green, fruit green rioening tan. T. Flynn 9917 Kauai BISH 2024-04-02
54 Abutilon incanum Between Makapuu Point and Hanauma Bay Arid plain. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 6056 Oahu BISH 1925-12-20
55 Abutilon incanum Manele Grade, stony ridge along Erosion zone. Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 861 Lanai BISH 1955-07-02
56 Abutilon incanum West Molokai, near Kolo On arid rocky plain. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 60556076 Molokai BISH 1928-04-05
57 Abutilon incanum Transect C4 from secondary road to area above lighthouse This species along with Sida the most common shrub on western end of island. Preserved_Specimen Char, W.P. 78.062 Kahoolawe BISH 1978-11-25
58 Abutilon incanum Kaena Point Military Reservation Fairly common shrub to 2 ft. height on talus and cliffs. Leucaena-Acacia farnesiana-grass association. Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 1402 Oahu BISH 1976-11-03
59 Abutilon incanum Makaha Valley Growing under dense shade with Leucaena, Sida rhombifolia, etc. Preserved_Specimen About 30 cm. tall, very rare in this area. Davis, J. 108 Oahu BISH 1979-05-12
60 Abutilon incanum S Lanai, near wharf Below cliffs within 30 ft. of ocean. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 21988 Lanai BISH 1952-03-02
61 Abutilon incanum Waianae Mts., norht side of Keaau Valley Near sea, rare on very dry roadside. Preserved_Specimen Suffrutescent herb; flowers faded purplish white, with purple center. Fosberg, F.R. 27136 Oahu BISH 1946-10-27
62 Abutilon incanum North of Halulu Lake On dry red dirt. Preserved_Specimen 1 m. tall subshrub; petals white with red color at base. St.John, H. 23644 Niihau BISH 1949-04-01
63 Abutilon incanum Dry streambed on the north coast between Honokoa Bay and Makaalae In a dry streambed. Preserved_Specimen Clarke, G. 362 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-21
64 Abutilon incanum Kiei Islet Occasional. A few plants and seedlings on middle terraces. Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 6040608 Lanai BISH 2006-04-06
65 Abutilon incanum Koko Head On steep eroded tuff slope. Preserved_Specimen Small branched shrub up to 0.7 m. tall; flowers dull whitish pink with maroon centers. Fosberg, F.R. 29660 Oahu BISH 1948-03-07
66 Abutilon incanum Mahana Ahupuaa, East of Keomuku Road. Transect La, Station 29 Dry exotic grassland with mixed native and exotic shrubs. Preserved_Specimen Flower petals white, center of nerves violet. Warshauer, F.R. 2217 Lanai BISH
67 Abutilon incanum Kaunolu Ahupuaa, Nahoko Gulch. Transect La, Station 49. Dry kiawe tree community with an exotic and native shrub and mixed grass understory (riparian kiawe community) Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 2512 Lanai BISH 1980-02-18
68 Abutilon incanum Makapuu Point State Wayside Park; Makapuu Point Disturbed coastal dry mixed community. Preserved_Specimen Perinnial herb to 0.7m; flower white w/purple veins, tips pink. Annable, C.R. 3118 Oahu BISH 1996-11-07
69 Abutilon incanum Waianae Mts., Kewaula On dry fluvial plain at base of ridge, in kiawe copse. Preserved_Specimen A population collection from 1-1.5 ft. high plants. Takeuchi, W.N. 2341 Oahu BISH 1985-07-28
70 Abutilon incanum Waianae Valley near Kolekole Pass Very dry sunny pasture. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 6052 Oahu BISH 1923-02-19
71 Abutilon incanum Kamao Ahupuaa, Along Manele Road. Transect La, Station 39 Dry exotic grassland with mixed native and exotic shrubs. Preserved_Specimen 40 cm tall; Flower violet & white, 1 cm across. Warshauer, F.R. 2259 Lanai BISH 1979-04-06
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